Los desafíos de la gestión del cuidado de los profesionales de enfermería / The challenges of care management for nursing professionals

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir los desafíos de la gestión del cuidado de los profesionales de enfermería. Metodología: El presente trabajo investigativo se desarrolla desde un enfoque cuantitativo con una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental, la cual se apoya en el análisis documental-bibliográfico. Se organizó un proceso investigativo en donde la población de estudio se basó, primordialmente, en documentos escritos como tesis, revistas arbitradas y artículos científicos. En conclusión: Los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los profesionales de enfermería en la gestión del cuidado, en esta época involucran el aspecto económico, social y político en un mundo en constantes cambios, en donde la tecnología juega un gran papel que permite mejorar los servicios inter hospitalarios como red de comunicación, mejoras en las condiciones laborales, incorporación de nuevo talento humano y disminución en la deficiencia a nivel mundial, fortalecimiento y replanteamiento de los planes de formación y estudio de enfermería.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the challenges of care management of nursing professionals. Methodology: This research work is developed from a quantitative approach with a descriptive methodology with non-experimental design, which is supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis. A research process was organized in which the study population was based primarily on written documents such as theses, peer-reviewed journals and scientific articles. In conclusion: The challenges faced by nursing professionals in the management of care at this time involve economic, social and political aspects in a world in constant change, where technology plays a great role in improving inter-hospital services as a communication network, improvements in working conditions, incorporation of new human talent and reducing the deficiency worldwide, strengthening and rethinking of training plans and nursing studies.

Los desafíos de la gestión del cuidado de los profesionales de enfermería / The challenges of care management for nursing professionals

Describir los desafíos de la gestión del cuidado de los profesionales de enfermería. Metodología: El presente trabajo investigativo se desarrolla desde un enfoque cuantitativo con una metodología descriptiva con diseño no experimental, la cual se apoya en el análisis documental­bibliográfico. Se organizó un proceso investigativo en donde la población de estudio, se basó primordialmente en documentos escritos como tesis, revistas arbitradas y artículos científicos. En conclusión: Los desafíos a los que se enfrentan los profesionales de enfermería en la gestión del cuidado, en esta época involucran los aspectos económicos, social, político en un mundo en constantes cambio, en donde la tecnología juega un gran papel que permite mejorar los servicios inter hospitalarios como red de comunicación, mejoras en las condiciones laborales, incorporación de nuevo talento humano y disminuir la deficiencia a nivel mundial, fortalecimiento y replanteamiento de los planes de formación y estudio de enfermería.

To describe the challenges of care management of nursing professionals. Methodology: This research work is developed from a quantitative approach with a descriptive methodology with non-experimental design, which is supported by documentary-bibliographic analysis. A research process was organized in which the study population was based primarily on written documents such as theses, peer-reviewed journals and scientific articles. In conclusion: The challenges faced by nursing professionals in the management of care at this time involve economic, social and political aspects in a world in constant change, where technology plays a great role in improving inter-hospital services as a communication network, improvements in working conditions, incorporation of new human talent and reducing the deficiency worldwide, strengthening and rethinking of training plans and nursing studies.

Nutritional status and temporal trend of coverage of Brazilian adolescents monitored in the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System, 2008 to 2019 / Estado nutricional e tendência temporal da cobertura de adolescentes brasileiros acompanhados no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional, 2008 a 2019

Abstract Objectives: to analyze the nutritional status and temporal trend of the coverage of Brazilian adolescents monitored in the Food and Nutritional Surveillance System in the period 2008-2019. Methods: ecological study of temporal series with SISVAN data collected from 2008 to 2019 with 45,869.266 registration. Body mass index data were collected and the registration coverage of adolescents monitored by the system was calculated. The percentage of annual variation in coverage and nutritional status was estimated using Prais-Winsten regression, with a significance level of 5%. Results: an increase in the prevalence of obesity was observed between 2008 and 2019, during this period thinness remained stable in Brazil. National coverage evolved from 9.3% in 2008 to 19.6% in 2019, with an annual variation of 9% and a statistically significant increase trend. In Brazil, obesity in this age group increased between 2008 and 2019, with an annual variation of 8.7% (CI95% = 7.8-9.6). Conclusion: modifications were observed in nutritional status suggest the occurrence of nutritional transition in the adolescents' population. The percentage of coverage available in the system has growth potential, however, the current scenario impacts on a possible insufficient analysis to support the elaboration and reorientation of public policies.

Resumo Objetivos: analisar o estado nutricional e a tendência temporal da cobertura de adolescentes brasileiros acompanhados no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional no período de 2008-2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico de séries temporais com dados do SISVAN coletados no período de 2008 a 2019 com 45.869.266 de registos. Foram coletados dados de índice de massa corporal e calculadas as coberturas dos registros dos adolescentes acompanhados pelo sistema. Estimou-se a percentagem da variação anual da cobertura e estado nutricional pela regressão de Prais-Winsten, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: observa-se crescimento da prevalência de obesidade entre 2008 a 2019, nesse período a magreza manteve-se estável no Brasil. A cobertura nacional evoluiu de 9,3% em 2008 para 19,6% em 2019, com variação anual de 9% e tendência de aumento estatisticamente significativa. No Brasil, a obesidade nessa faixa etária apresentou um aumento entre os anos de 2008 e 2019, com uma variação anual de 8,7% (IC95%= 7,8-9,6). Conclusão: modificações observadas no estado nutricional sugerem a ocorrência da transição nutricional na população de adolescentes. O percentual de cobertura disponível no sistema tem potencial de crescimento, entretanto, o atual cenário impacta em possível análise insuficiente para subsidiar a elaboração e reorientação de políticas públicas.

Tendências na prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e na utilização de serviços de saúde no Brasil ao longo de uma década (2008-2019) / Trends in the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension and health care service use in Brazil over a decade (2008-2019)

Resumo A carga global e a prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) têm crescido nas últimas duas décadas, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda, representando uma preocupação para as autoridades em saúde. Este estudo analisou a prevalência de HAS entre adultos brasileiros em 2008, 2013 e 2019 e o controle da doença pelos indivíduos em 2013 e 2019. Utilizou-se dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (2008) e da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2013-2019). Foram calculadas razões de prevalência da doença pelo método de Poisson, ajustado para caraterísticas sociodemográficas. Para os indicadores de cuidados em saúde e organização da atenção primária calculamos proporções estratificadas por sexo, faixa etária, raça e região. Os resultados indicam que as desigualdades regionais persistem, com menores prevalências no Norte e Nordeste e maiores no Sudeste e Sul. Embora os indicadores de acesso e utilização dos serviços de saúde sejam considerados bons, refletindo as melhorias na atenção primária nos últimos anos, ressaltamos a importância da adoção de estratégias multifacetadas para a prevenção e controle da HAS no país.

Abstract The global burden and the prevalence of systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) have increased over the last two decades, especially in low- and middle-income countries, and are a concern to health authorities. This study analyzed the prevalence of SAH reported by Brazilian adults in 2008, 2013, and 2019, and individual disease control in 2013 and 2019. Data from the National Household Sample Survey (2008) and National Health Survey (2013-2019) were employed. We calculated the disease's prevalence ratios using Poisson regression, adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics. Regarding health care and PHC organization indicators, we calculated proportions by gender, age group, ethnicity, and region. The results reveal persistent regional inequalities, with lower prevalence in the North and Northeast and higher prevalence in the Southeast and South. While the health care access and use indicators are positive, reflecting PHC improvements in recent years, we highlight the importance of adopting multifaceted SAH prevention and control strategies in the country.

Evaluation and analysis on the degree of patients′ trust in community TCM physicians under the TCM service capability promotion program / 中华医院管理杂志

Objective@#To evaluate the degree of trust of patients in community traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)physicians, based on the TCM service capability promotion program, and to analyze the impacts by TCM prevention and health care service.@*Methods@#1 391 patients at 22 primary health service centers in 3 cities from Zhejiang province were investigated using the Chinese version of Wake Forest Physician Trust Scale(WFPTS)in September, 2017. Quantitative and qualitative variables were described by mean±SD, and ratio respectively. Differences were compared by t test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test.@*Results@#Chinese version of WFPTS had good reliability and validity in measuring community TCM physicians. The average scoring of patients′ trust in community TCM physicians was 38.00±6.42, while their benevolence and competence were 19.14±3.41, 18.82±3.50 respectively.For patients with different demographic characteristics, their quantity and the way to acquire and utilize TCM prevention and health care service had different degrees of trust in community TCM physicians. Patients′ gender, age, awareness and utilization of TCM prevention and health care service, etc. affect the degree of trust in community TCM physicians.@*Conclusions@#Patients have higher degree of trust in community TCM physicians, and improving the rate of awareness and utilization of TCM prevention has positive impacts on the degree of trust in these physicians. It is proposed that health knowledge education be strengthened and skills of community TCM physicians′ capacity be enhanced through various ways.

Development of traditional Chinese medicine health care services for the elderly in the era of "Internet+" / 国际中医中药杂志

National health is the fundamental purpose of building a healthy China. This paper analyzes the development status and existing problems of informational TCM health care services for the elderly, and proposes development strategies for TCM health care services, including "Health Care Plus Intelligent Management, Platform Plus Tourism Support, Medical Network Integration, and Smoothening the Industry Chain" for the new era of "Internet Plus", with the purposes of realizing real-time disease detection and intelligent diagnoses, meeting the senior health care needs, responding proactively to the call of the aging population and promoting the development and revitalization of TCM in the field of senior care.

Analysis on the Development Status and References of the Private Finance Initiative Hospital Program in UK's National Health Service / 中国卫生经济

According to the official website of the Department of Health & Social Care,Mainly media and Independent research sector in UK and the literature analysis,it obtained related information about PFI in the UK's National Health Service(NHS).Through the description of status quo of the development of Private Finance Initiative(PFI) programs,it analyzed the existential issues,influences and improvement measures,so as to provide references for China's Public-Private Partnership(PPP)/PFI programs.

Research on the Model of the Private Sector Involved in Health Care Services in UK / 中国卫生经济

By visiting the official website of the Department of Health and Social Care,Mainstream Media and Independent Research Sector in UK.,and literature analysis,it accessed to relate information about private sector participated in health care services,and conducted the systematic description on the progress,and finally summarized the relevant experience and development trends.

A survey of the status of care quality evaluation in the institution that integrating pension and health care service:a qualitative research / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective@#To explore the status of care quality evaluation in the built-in type institution that integrating pension and health care service and analyze the focus on nursing service and management,it aims to provide theoretical basis for nurse managers to implement scientific nursing management.@*Methods@#Descriptive phenomenological methodology was adopted in this study,a semi-structured interview was conducted with 8 nurse managers from 7 built-in type institutions that integrating pension and health care service.Data were analyzed based on Colaizzi′ s phenomenological research method.@*Results@#Two themes were extracted, including the status of care quality evaluation in the built-in type institution that integrating pension and health care service; key indicators of nursing quality in the built-in type institution that integrating pension and health care service.@*Conclusions@#Through in-depth interviews with 8 nurse managers, we suggest that state should attach importance to the quality inspection of nursing care in the built-in type institution that integrating pension and health care service, and explore the evaluation criteria for nursing quality,in order to ensure the safety of elderly care, and it also can provide a basis for the comparison between inter-agency nursing quality and promote healthy competition among institutions.

O cuidado longitudinal difícil de uma usuária em situação de grave cronicidade: análise de caso emblemático / El cuidado longitudinal difícil de una usuaria en situación de grave cronicidad: análisis de caso emblemático / The difficult longitudinal care of a female patient in a severe chronic situation: analysis of an emblematic case

(AU)Os problemas éticos, enfrentados pelos profissionais do nível primário, são complexos, porque surgem de situações únicas pela variedade de dimensões do cuidado. O acompanhamento de pacientes resistentes ao tratamento, difíceis de cuidar é uma dessas situações que necessita de um manejo diferenciado. Para discutir esta questão, será analisado um caso de difícil acompanhamento, relatado por uma equipe da atenção primária. O caso emergiu numa pesquisa qualitativa sobre problemas éticos realizada num município da região metropolitana de Porto Alegre. A coleta de dados foi por meio de discussões focais sobre problemas éticos, e seus cursos de solução. Para superar as dificuldades da relação terapêutica entre usuários e profissionais, os resultados apontaram para a necessidade de ampliar a compreensão das necessidades em saúde, de reconhecer o contexto relacional da aplicação dos procedimentos clínicos e a importância da experiência subjetiva do adoecimento.(AU)

Los problemas éticos enfrentados por los profesionales del nivel primario son complejos puesto que surgen de situaciones únicas por la variedad de dimensiones del cuidado. El acompañamiento de pacientes resistentes al tratamiento, difíciles de cuidar, es una de esas situaciones que precisa un manejo diferenciado. Para discutir tal cuestión se analizará un caso de difícil acompañamiento relatado por un equipo de atención primaria. El caso surgió durante una encuesta cualitativa sobre problemas éticos realizada en un municipio de la región metropolitana de Porto Alegre. La colecta de datos se realizó por medio de discusiones en grupo sobre problemas éticos y sus cursos de solución. Para superar las dificultades de la relación terapéutica entre usuarios y profesionales, los resultados mostraron una necesidad de ampliar la comprensión de las necesidades de salud, de reconocer el contexto relacional de la aplicación de los procedimientos clínicos y la importancia de la experiencia subjetiva de la enfermedad.(AU)

Ethical problems faced by professionals of primary care are complex, due to their emergence in unique situations, caused by the multiple dimension of care. The followup of patients resistant to treatment, which are difficult to care are cases that demand a differentiated handling. The article reports the analysis of a case of tough follow-up by a primary care team. The case emerged in a qualitative research about ethical problems, which took place in a municipality of the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre. The data collected by focus discussions regarding ethical problems and its possible ways of solution. To overcome the difficulties of the therapeutic relation between users and practitioners, the results pointed out to the need to enlarge the understanding of the health needs, recognizing the relational context of the application of clinic proceeds and the significance of the subjective experience of illness.(AU)

Innovative Analysis on KY3H Health Care Service Model / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Vigorously development of the health service industry has received great attention,but the health service industry faces many difficulties.By analyzing the current predicament,this paper put forward the KY3H health care service model and systematically analyzed its six innovations:from "disease as the center" to "health as the center",from "homogenized group health service" to "Personalized and Humanized Health Service",from "Extensive Health Service"to "Precise Intervention of Individual Health Status",from "Single Health Service" to "Trinity Service of Health,Culture,Health Management and Health Insurance",from the "seeking medical" service model to "seeking one's own"service model,as well as from the "fixed (fixed-time,fixed-point,fixed-mode) service" to "anytime,anywhere full-time service".This model has achieved initial success in practice.It is an important way to solve the dilemma.

Construction of KY3H Health Care Service Model / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

This paper systematically summarized the core problems in the field of medical and health services and did the root analysis.It is concluded that the current domestic and international related medical service modes deviated from the essence of health services and led to difficulties in the idea and method,bringing people to new problems and new crises.KY3H health care service model,set innovative ideas,innovative technical methods,innovative products,innovative processes,standards and standards into one,by providing a full range and the whole cycle of people-oriented,self-help,"diagnosis and treatment of security" integration of health careservice,improve people's health status,fundamentally change the traditional passive "seeking medical treatment" service mode,to active "seeking one's own" health service mode,so as to achieve "health status continues to rise,the medical costs continue to decline,"which is the social development aims.The paper systematically analyzes the idea,operational logic,goal,mode structure,characteristics of the model,and its significance to individuals,industries,society,countries and even the international community in order to make a positive contribution to the healthy development strategy in China and provide a Chinese case for global Health.

Factors associated with maternal health service in Chengdu China / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To investigate the status and associated factors with maternal health service in Chengdu China.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Chengdu between September to December in 2016;1 000 delivery women were recruited to finish the questionnaire and informed consents were obtained by investigators face to face.Cluster random sampling was adopted to select subjects from public health centers of different townships in Chengdu.The multivariate logistic regression model was used to analyze the associated factors with maternal health service.Results The record rate of early pregnancy,the postpartum visit rate and the maternal system management rate were 88.9％,90.4％ and 78.6％ respectively.The survey rates were significantly lower than the reported rates (x2=6.28,P＜0.01).The attitude of medical staff (OR=2.16,95％ CI:1.0d-4.48),perceived making the record of the first trimester of pregnancy (OR=2.88,95％ CI:1.03-8.14),pregnant women receiving maternal knowledge through doctors (OR=0.29,95％CI:0.13-0.64),through social activities (OR=0.40,95％CI:0.23-0.70),through advertisements (OR=3.42,95％ CI:1.54-7.58),from internet (OR=1.71,95％ CI:1.08-2.71) and from newspapers and magazines (OR=3.80,95％ CI:1.30-11.11) were associated with record filing during early pregnancy.Delivery women who were in the maternal age between 31 to 35 (OR=0.26,95％CI:0.08-0.87) and choosing hospitals close to home is the determinant of prenatal examination (OR=0.51,95％ 6I:0.31-0.82) were less likely to accept the postpartum visit.Delivery women who chose district hospitals(OR=3.21,95％ CI:1.26-8.19),provincial (OR=4.33,95％ CI:1.72-10.91) and municipal (OR=4.24,95％CI:1.38-12.99) maternal and child care service centers to do prenatal examination were more likely to receive the postpartum visit.The attitude of medical staff (OR=1.69,95％ CI:1.04-2.73),perceived making the record of the first trimester of pregnancy (OR=2.58,95％CI:1.04-6.42),pregnant women getting maternal knowledge by internet (OR=1.63,95％ CI:1.20-2.23),Delivery women who chose township health center (OR=6.60,95％ CI:1.27-34.48),provincial (OR=2.40,95％CI:1.07-5.39) and municipal (OR=3.72,95％CI:1.41-9.79)maternal and child care service centers to receive prenatal examinations might affect the maternal system management.Conclusion The maternal system management rate was low and there was significant difference between the survey rates and the reported rates.The attitude of medical staff,the channel of getting maternal knowledge and the choices of hospitals for receiving prenatal examinations affected the maternal health service.

"Analysis on Medical Industry Strategies in ""Internet + Medical"" Background" / 医学信息学杂志

The paper objectively analyzes the opportunities and challenges of Internet + medical,and puts forward relevant strategies and recommendations for deeply integratingInternet +into the traditional medical industry in several aspects,including strengthening the construction of Internet infrastructure in the medical industry,regulating the market access and improving the industry standards,as well as establishing and improving relevant supporting laws,regulations and policies.

"""Internet-plus"" practice focusing on medical service at tertiary general hospitals" / 中华医院管理杂志

The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University founded an online hospital campus leveraging the Internet-plus environment. Supported by the offline hospital, this campus made full use of Internet features and advantages in its attempts to optimize the distribution of medical resources,to improve the accessibility of medical service, to reduce medical costs, and to expand the service coverage among others. Meanwhile,this online system, via interconnection with the hospital′s HIS system, achieved online medical insurance payment,prescriptions checking and drug delivery service.

Preliminary Exploration in Construction of Three-level Service System of TCM Prevention and Health Care in Nanning Area of Guangxi Province / 中国中医药信息杂志

This article analyzed the present situation of development of TCM prevention and health care services in Nanning area of Guangxi Province, put forward a new mode of constructing regional TCM Prevention and health care service system: strengthen, clear and standardization, expounded the key points of implementation of construction of three-level health service system of TCM prevention and health care in Nanning area, practical significance of the construction of regional medical prevention and health care service system, and the advantages of three-level health service system of TCM prevention and health care. Finally, it summarized the experience in preliminary construction of three-level health service system of TCM prevention and health care services in Nanning area.

Posição social e julgamento dos serviços de saúde pelos usuários / Social position and judgment of health care services by users

Com o objetivo de investigar as relações entre o julgamento dos serviços de saúde pelos usuários e a sua posição no espaço social, foi realizado um estudo apoiado na sociologia de Bourdieu envolvendo dois grupos. Foram realizadas 22 entrevistas em profundidade com professores universitários e usuários de unidades de saúde. A posição no espaço social desses agentes foi caracterizada por meio da análise dos seus capitais e trajetória social. Identificou-se que a escolha dos médicos entre os agentes de maior capital global vinculava-se a critérios técnicos e simbólicos. Em contrapartida, entre agentes de classes populares, o acesso foi o principal critério. Analisou-se que a tomada de posição em relação ao serviço corresponde a um ajuste inconsciente das necessidades às possibilidades dos usuários. Discutem-se as implicações da distância social existente entre médicos e pacientes na escolha e julgamento dos serviços de saúde.

To investigate the relationship between the judgment of health care services by users and their position in the social space, we performed a study supported by the sociology of Bourdieu involving two groups. Twenty-two in-depth interviews were conducted with university professors and users of the health care system. The social position of these agents was characterized by analyzing their available capital and their social trajectory. We found that the choice of physicians by those users with greater global capital was linked to technical and symbolic criteria. In contrast, among agents of the popular classes, access was the main criterion. We analyzed that the stance taken regarding the service corresponds to an unconscious adjustment between needs and the possibilities available to users. We discussed the implications of a social distance between physicians and their patients in choosing and judging health care services.

O itinerário terapêutico do paciente em tratamento oncológico: implicações para a prática de enfermagem / El itinerario terapéutico del paciente en tratamiento oncológico: implicaciones para la práctica de enfermería / The therapeutic itinerary of patient in oncological treatment: implications for nursing practice

RESUMO A trajetória do cliente oncológico ainda é permeada por percalços que interferem em seu prognóstico e qualidade de vida. Assim, este estudo visa a mapear o itinerário do paciente oncológico desde o diagnóstico até o tratamento e analisar suas implicações nas ações de enfermagem para o controle do câncer. Estudo qualitativo, realizado através da técnica de história oral de dez clientes oncológicos atendidos em um hospital federal no município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Os dados foram tratados de acordo com a técnica de análise temática, além da confecção de representações do itinerário terapêutico de cada entrevistado. Foram identificados três eixos temáticos: trajetória antes do diagnóstico, trajetória do diagnóstico ao início do tratamento, e trajetória no tratamento. Percebe-se que o acesso aos serviços apresenta-se como um problema que culmina no agravamento da doença, no aparecimento de metástases e a morte do paciente, além de criar condições para a falta de adesão ao tratamento.

RESUMEN La trayectoria del cliente oncológico todavía es permeada por inconvenientes que interfieren en su pronóstico y calidad de vida. Así, este estudio pretende identificar el itinerario del paciente oncológico desde el diagnóstico hasta el tratamiento y analizar sus implicaciones en las acciones de enfermería para el control del cáncer. Estudio cualitativo, realizado a través de la técnica de historia oral de diez clientes oncológicos atendidos en un hospital federal en el municipio de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Los datos fueron tratados de acuerdo con la técnica de análisis temático, además de la confección de representaciones del itinerario terapéutico de cada entrevistado. Fueron identificados tres ejes temáticos: trayectoria antes del diagnóstico; trayectoria del diagnóstico al inicio del tratamiento; y trayectoria en el tratamiento. Se nota que el acceso a los servicios se presenta como un problema que culmina en el agravamiento de la enfermedad, el en surgimiento de metástasis y la muerte del paciente, además de crear condiciones para la falta de adhesión al tratamiento.

ABSTRACT The course of oncology patients is still crossed by setbacks that interfere with their prognosis and quality of life. This study aims to map the itinerary of cancer patients from diagnosis to treatment and to analyze its implications in nursing healthcare practices for the control of cancer. This is a qualitative study, conducted using oral history technique with ten cancer patients treated in a federal hospital in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The data were analyzed according to thematic analysis technique and with the making of representations of the therapeutic itinerary of each interviewee. Three main themes were identified: course before diagnosis, course from diagnosis to the beginning of treatment, and course during treatment. We observed that the access to medical services is presented as a problem that culminates in the worsening of the disease, appearing of metastases and death of the patient, in addition to creating conditions that hinder the adherence to treatment.

Healthcare Service Accessibility for Brazilian Children with Special Health Care Needs (CSHCN) in Japan and Parenting Stress for Their Mothers / 国際保健医療

<b>Objectives</b><BR>  This study aimed to compare accessibility to the health services in Brazilian CSHCN (children with special health care needs) with non-CSHCN living in Japan and the parenting stresses of the parents of both groups of children, as well as to examine if the children’s being CSHCN is a factor of increasing the parenting stresses of their mothers. <BR><b>Methods</b><BR>  A questionnaire was administered to 130 Brazilian mothers in Japan of children between 3-6 years of age living in Aichi Prefecture, and analyzed the valid answers of 73.The questionnaire was constructed with background information, CSHCN Screener^©, children’s health care service needs, and PSI/SF (Parenting Stress Index Short Form). We evaluated the differences between CSHCN and non-CSHCN, and conducted a multiple linear regression analysis on the parenting stress scores. <BR><b>Results</b><BR>  Nine out of 73 children were identified as CSHCN including four with asthma, three with autism, one with chronic bronchitis, and one with cardiac hypertrophy. Although all CSHCN had family doctors, their mothers had unmet needs for specific health care services, especially dental care, rehabilitation and consultation of specialists. There were three mothers of non-CSHCN who had delayed or forgone care.<BR>  The average score of PSI in all mothers was: TS (Total Stress)＝60.2, PD(Parental Distress)＝22.0, P-CDI(Parent-Child Dysfunctional Interaction)＝16.9, DC(Difficult Child)＝21.7. DC score was significantly higher in CSHCN than in non-CSHCN. Three determinants of elevated TS score were having CSHCN or children with chronic diseases, experiencing severe economic difficulties, and having a husband who did not speak Japanese.<BR><b>Conclusions</b><BR>  The study revealed that Brazilian mothers with CSHCN in Japan were not disadvantaged in terms of access to health services, but had unmet needs in some specific areas. Although the mothers of CSHCN showed relatively low levels of total parenting stress, they had significantly higher levels of stress on the difficult child characteristics. Attention for the stress of the mothers of CSHCN is required.

Construction of Traditional Chinese Medicine preventive health care service system in Changning District / 上海预防医学

Under the guidance of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Commission of Health and Family Planning and Shanghai Municipal Office for Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Chinese Medicine( TCM) preventive health care service system was started to construct in 2011 in Changning District of Shanghai.The system was residents'needs orien-ted.After five years of effort, TCM preventive health care service system characterized with integration of prevention and treatment, multicultural atmosphere, supported by TCM featured services was formed.The new model of community health management provided a positive and beneficial practice for the Healthy City construction with Chinese and Shanghai characteristics.